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Human Action: A Treatise on Economics (Paperback)
by Ludwig von Mises
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MSL Pointer Review:
A masterful volume. The breadth and scope of this work leaves one breathless. |
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Author: Ludwig von Mises
Publisher: Liberty Fund
Pub. in: January, 2007
ISBN: 0865976317
Pages: 1050
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Origin of product: USA
Order code: BA00440
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- MSL Picks -
This book isn't just a work of economics, but a full-orbed "science of human action." Starting from a few principles that Mises believed to be a priori, he deduces an entire body of economic theory. The first 200 pages of this 900-page work are heavily philosophical. I would not recommend readers skip this section. You can't understand what Mises was for unless you understand why he was for it. Human Action is a difficult work to read, particularly for those with minimal training in economics. Murray Rothbard's Man, Economy, And State covers similar ground (at least as far as economics is concerned) but is more suitable for the beginner.
An amazing treatise on human affairs, on which it is no exaggeration to proclaim that all the rest of economics is constructed. Mises carefully corrects one fallacy of nineteenth century classical economics after another, and digresses constantly - those fascinating, indispensable digressions! - to clear up post after point, no matter what field it comes from. You'll be amazed at how broad Mises's knowledge is, at how easily he moves from field to field to illustrate his points and explode fallacies, common and not-so-common alike. He refutes every rationale for economic statism, exhibiting the virtuosity of reason every step of the way. Fascism, absolutism of all varieties, government intervention of every stripe - all come under Mises's critical gaze.
By the end of Human Action, we have the broadest possible vision of economics before us, an unparalleled defense of capitalism and the unhampered market, and a sizzling critique of the principles underlying the interventionist welfare state. We have a commanding case for freedom, encyclopedic in scope, a true classic that remains as relevant today as the day it was written.
There are very few books one can point to and say: "This work will change the world for the better." Human Action has, and will, continue to change minds and influence events as long as we survive and persist in the quest for individual liberty on this earth.
Target readers:
General readers
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Ludwig von Mises (1881-1973) was born in the old Austro-Hungarian Empire. A prolific writer, he wrote two seminal works (Socialism and Theory of Money And Credit) before fleeing the Nazis. While living in Switzerland, he published an early version of this work in German in 1940. Over time, Mises added to it and rewrote it in English. Yale University Press published Human Action in 1949.
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From the Publisher:
His masterpiece:
His name was Ludwig von Mises, and he was the fountainhead of the Renaissance of Capitalism. Throughout his long life Mises was a man with a mission, and he came closer to realizing it than we have any right to expect from a mere mortal. His ambition was to completely reconstruct economics along the lines hinted at by his mentor, Carl Menger, and then to rebuild a foundation for the defense of capitalism. In successfully doing so, he became one of the great benefactors of modern civilization. Mises produced many great works, but Human Action was his masterpiece. Late in life according to his wife Margit, Mises would often sit holding the book, thumbing through it, with a quiet sense of pride. Its subtitle is "A Treatise on Economics," but we have to remember that, for Mises, economics encompassed virtually all of "human action." Thus this mild-mannered treatise often burst its bounds, taking in the theory of knowledge and other profoundly important philosophical issues, the nature of man, points in anthropology, the higher reaches of political theory, the grand sweep of history, and crucially important issues of the day. And--oh, yes--economics itself, from the ground up. In its scope and sweep, no other twentieth century work in the social sciences can touch it.
A masterful edifice:
Why is Human Action called a "treatise?" Because it begins by establishing certain basic principles and proceeds by building an entire edifice on them, block by block. Some people have found the opening couple of chapters difficult and intimidating, because they deal with technical issues of methodology in the social sciences. Go ahead and skip them the first time around if you like - they'll make more sense on a later reading. And the rest of the book is crystal clear on its own terms.
Mises begins quickly enough with the basic principles of human action as purposeful behavior, how we rank values, establish ends and means, and engage in productive work to achieve our goals. He moves on to analyze the nature of social cooperation, criticize the collectivist concept of society, and establish the principles behind the division of labor, the law of association, and exchange. We learn how money develops, and how it functions as an aid to cognition. Then he explicates the basic principles underlying the market economy, the nature of prices and indirect exchange, the advanced money economy, exchange through time, and the origins of interest, rent and profit.
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View all 8 comments |
Israel M. Kirzner (author of Competition and Entrepreneurship) (MSL quote), USA
<2007-01-09 00:00>
This is Ludwig von Mises's magnum opus, the magisterial contribution in which he develops his flagrantly controversial philosophy of the social sciences, his brilliant entrepreneurial theory of the market process, and his devastatingly consistent classical liberal perspective on political economy, into an overarching system of extraordinarily impressive scope. Human Action is a work that has, for almost half a century, retained its freshness and its relevance, showing how deep economic understanding is to be attained, not by virtuosity of mathematical technique, but by subtlety and penetration of economic insight and interpretation. Recent developments in the economics profession suggest that the most far-reaching impact upon economic thought exerted by this celebrated work may be that still to come. |
William H. Peterson (adjunct scholar, Heritage Foundation, Washington, D.C.) (MSL quote), USA
<2007-01-09 00:00>
Human Action says it all. In this towering masterwork, Mises makes the case for limited government and a free society, pointing out the inseparability between freedom and free enterprise - that you can't have one without the other. |
Lord Chimp (MSL quote), USA
<2007-01-09 00:00>
There is no way I can say all that I want to say in this review. Murray Rothbard has aptly said: "Every once in a while the human race pauses in the job of botching its affairs and redeems itself by producing a noble work of the intellect… To state that Human Action is a “must” book is a greater understatement. This is the economic Bible of the civilized man."
I would take Rothbard's praise further. This is not only the single most important economic tome ever, but also the most pathbreaking, definitive exposition of praxeology, the correct basis for social sciences and also necessarily the foundation for epistemology. Only a few living economists of the "Austrian" school of economics seem to have truly absorbed the true praxeological methodology forged by Mises.
Mises' contribution to economics cannot be understated. In basing economics on the axiomatic status of action, Mises established the ultimate foundation for economic science. The fact that humans act - that is, human beings "act" purposively to reach subjectively chosen ends - is, of course, irrefutable (to argue against the axiom of action is itself an action). This, however, may seem like a trivial observation. Humans act, big deal? Why is it so important? Its importance is in praxeological economics' methodology deductive chains of reasoning to realize the implications. In understanding what is implied by action - values, ends, means, choice, cost, preference, profit, and loss - economic science can be deduced logically, so it is a purely an a priori science where economic laws tell describe apodictically true relationships in the real world. In this way, key economic principles follow from the action axiom (as well as a few general, explicit assumptions about the empirical reality in which the action occurs), such as the law of diminishing marginal utility, how taxation changes time-preference schedules, the counterproductive nature of interventionism, involuntary unemployment, and so on. So long as the logic deriving the principles is correct, then economic laws are a priori-valid, and empirical testing has no bearing on them. This book initially appeared in a difficult time, when positivist methodology and the Keynesian paradigm were dominant. Thus, upon Human Action's release it was mostly derided and ignored by the mainstream, rather than studied and criticized. It did, however, gain notoriety among academic circles for rebuilding economic science from the ground up, all the while plowing through the epistemological shortcomings of previous standards. Mises has provided considerable ammunition for institutional critique. He uncovered the socialist calculation problem - a central planning authority has no rational way to allocate resources for production without market prices - and this is an insur- mountable hurdle for any state-run economy. In fact, when analyzed fully, it shows that any government intervention in the economy results in market distortion and inefficiency. In essence, nothing can ever be provided more efficiently by the government nor can the government do anything to make the market more efficient. Murray Rothbard, who was of course Mises' student, explored this thoroughly in his critique of interventionism, Power and Market (now available with the Scholar's Edition of Man, Economy and State).
Lee Carlson's shamefully inane review can be wholly disregarded. Although he appeals to authorities it does not change the fact that the search for mathematical parameters for economic analysis is utterly impossible because of the existence of human choice. But would finding such parameters be possible even if one could isolate all the factors involved that affect decision-making? Again, no, simply because of the fact of human choice. You cannot quantify economic laws mathematically. All parameters quantifying human choice are historical data and nothing more.
In regards to the reviews criticizing Mises extreme rationalism, they would do well to better understand Mises' methodology and the epistemological nature of economic science. To Mises, ultimately, all economic laws were derived from the incontestable axiom that, trivially enough, humans act, choosing between alternatives in a finite universe. In understanding the effects of different forms of economic activity, the economist must determine correct theory by relying on human choice as the guiding factor. To consider the effects of a change brought about by action, we need recognize that by taking certain choices, the opportunities for other choices are destroyed. And because the relationship between these universes resulting from different choices are a priori related to the others, there is no need to rely on empirical confirmation for correct theory. The corpus of economic science is essentially a system of counter- factual laws where empirical testing is completely useless. For example, it would be foolish to argue that consumption need not be preceded by production, just as it would be foolish to argue that money inflation does not raise prices higher than otherwise, just as it would be foolish to argue that 1+1=3. Like a mathematical proof, all economic laws must be refuted by identifying errors in the axiomatic-deductive chain. This is also the only truly valuable way to understand complex economic phenomena. For example, were rising real incomes in Canada 1950-1990 a result of increased taxes, or despite of more taxes? Would they have been higher still with higher or lower taxes? Counterfactual laws of case-probability are greatly more valuable than any mathematical model because of their counterfactual method. They require no qualifying considerations and are always true.
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An American reader (MSL quote), USA
<2007-01-09 00:00>
One day, this book will be considered one of the most influential books ever written. Truly amazing. |
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